For transitive relations, we see that and. are the same. This allows us to talk about the so-called transitive closure of a relation. The transitive closure of a is the set of all b such that a. b. Loosely speaking, it is the set of all elements that can be reached from a, repeatedly using relation. “Is younger than” is a. The transitive property of congruence states that two objects that are congruent to a third object are also congruent to each other. If giraffes have tall necks, and Melman from the movie Madagascar is a giraffe, then Melman has a long neck. This is the transitive property at work: if a = b and b = c, then a = c. In geometry we can apply the. Let’s invite your cousins as well. I waited for an hour. (Intransitive) 4. I received your letter in the morning. I am going to send her some flowers. He has changed a lot since he got married. (Intransitive) 7. Suddenly the child woke up. (Intransitive) 8. The loud noise woke me. What Is the Transitive Verb? A transitive verb is the general name of verbs that can answer the question of what is used when used in a sentence. If the object to which a verb is directed is open and this object can be pointed out, this verb can be described as a transitive verb. Such verbs are verbs that we use frequently in everyday life. Transitive closure of above graphs is 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Recommended: Please solve it on “ PRACTICE ” first, before moving on to the solution. The graph is given in the form of adjacency matrix say ‘graphVV’ where graphij is 1 if there is an edge from vertex i to vertex j or i is equal to j, otherwise graphij is 0.

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To understand sentence construction, it helps if you know a little about three types of verb:

• linking verbs
• intransitive verbs
• transitive verbs

All verbs have a subject (the person or thing that 'does' the action). The real difference between linking, intransitive and transitive verbs is whether or not they have an object (the person or thing that 'gets' the action).

linking verbs take a subject complement	intransitive verbs take NO object	transitive verbs take an object
		mono-transitive verbs take ONE object: a direct object	di-transitive verbs take TWO objects: an indirect object + direct object
cannot be passive		can be passive
S-V-SC	S-V	S-V-DO	S-V-IO-DO
be seem become appear feel get look	arrive break down come cough go sleep	clean destroy eat like turn down want	buy give pass send show tell
	many verbs are ambitransitive—they can be intransitive OR transitive depending on context

Linking Verbs

Linking verbs have NO object.

Linking verbs link two parts of a sentence. They link the subject to a noun or adjective. In this sense, linking verbs are like a mathematical equals sign (=).

subject	verb	subject complement
Mary	is	a nurse.
Mary	=	a nurse

Linking verbs do not make sense if used alone: they need a 'subject complement' to complete their meaning.

• They are (???)
  They are teachers
• I feel (???)
  I feel unwell

In the above examples, teachers and unwell are subject complements.

Linking verbs work in two different ways:

1. the two parts of the sentence are the same thing(Mary is my mother)
2. the first part has the quality described by the second part (Mary is English)

The most obvious linking verb is the verb:

• be

Other linking verbs include:

• appear, become, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, taste, turn

Linking verbs cannot be passive.

Look at these example sentences with linking verbs:

• Is that your car?
• I am feeling thirsty.
• John is my boyfriend.
• My father became an engineer.
• The milk will turn sour if you leave it.
• Her explanation did not appear plausible.
• Hillary remained under suspicion for the rest of her life.

(Note that linking verbs are sometimes called 'copula verbs'.)

Although we talk about 'linking, intransitive and transitive verbs' (just as most grammar books and websites do), it is really more accurate to talk about 'linking, intransitive and transitive usage'. This is because many verbs can be linking OR transitive OR intransitive depending on the exact meaning and context.

example verb (grow)	usage
The sky grew dark.	linking
Roses grow slowly.	intransitive
I grow coconuts.	transitive

Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs have NO object. Their action is not transferred from the subject to something else.

subject	verb
She	cried.

Many intransitive verbs can make sense if used alone:

• He fainted.
• She cried.
• Our car broke down.

Of course, we often do follow intransitive verbs with other words telling us how, where or when—but NEVER with an object:

• He fainted after lunch.
• She coughed bitterly.
• Our car broke down in Bangkok.

Intransitive verbs cannot be passive.

Examples of intransitive verbs are:

• bark, boast, change, cough, die, go, live, run, sit, sleep, wave

Look at these example sentences with intransitive verbs:

• They live in London.
• Tell your dog to sit now.
• Were the dogs barking?
• The news hasn't changed.
• He died after a long illness.
• When I saw him he was running.
• The president waved to the crowds.

Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs have an object. Their action is TRANSferred from the subject to something else (the object).

Transitive verbs can be active OR passive.

Some transitive verbs have one object, some have two objects—as shown below.

Monotransitive verbs

Monotransitive verbs have ONE object: a direct object

subject	verb	direct object
He	kicked	the ball.

Examples of monotransitive verbs are:

• bomb, clean, break, destroy, eat, kill, like, put off, trigger, turn down, want

Look at these example sentences with monotransitive verbs:

• Do you love me?
• The Allies bombed Dresden.
• Pick it up and throw it away.
• Tara doesn't want a new car.
• Bond killed the snake and ate it.
• Can fracking trigger earthquakes?
• Do you think they'll turn down my offer / turn my offer down?

Ditransitive verbs

Ditransitive verbs have TWO objects: a direct object and an indirect object

subject	verb	indirect object	direct object
Sue	passed	Ann	the ball.

Examples of ditransitive verbs are:

• buy, give, grant, lend, make, pass, send, serve, show, teach, tell

Look at these example sentences with ditransitive verbs:

• Make me an offer.
• Who teaches him French?
• The bank won't lend them any money.
• They will serve the guests lunch at 12:30pm.
• Kid refused to show the teacher her homework.
• Anthony bought his new girlfriend some roses on her birthday.
• The local council have granted us permission to open a shop.

Note that many verbs can be used intransitively OR transitively (mono- and di-) depending on the context and the verb's exact meaning. Such verbs are called 'ambitransitive verbs'.

• He reads at night. (intransitive)
• He is reading a book. (monotransitive)
• He read Mary the letter. (ditransitive)

Contributor: Josef Essberger

The trick question we used above to determine whether a verb is transitive will always nail a verb as transitive or intransitive: Can I [verb] somebody or something? If yes, the verb is transitive. If no, the verb is intransitive.
Naturally enough, sometimes the answer to that trick question is yes and no. Many action verbs have both transitive and intransitive meanings. Many of these you know off the top of your head. Others require quick, furtive trips to the dictionary.
In many dictionaries, you’ll find a v.t. or v.i.preceding the definitions of a verb. They mean: “verb transitive” or “verb intransitive.” At Dictionary.com, you’ll find this technique: “verb (used with object)” and “verb (used without object).” The first, of course, means “transitive verb,” the second “intransitive verb.”
Let’s look at a few verbs that are always intransitive. Try out the trick question. Notice that the pure intransitive verb has an urge for a preposition, which it needs to form a relationship with a noun. Often the verb has a permanent deal with a particular preposition.
Verbs That Are Always Intransitive

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Some verbs are always intransitive. Here are some:

Verb	Trick Question	Answer	Type	Preposition Urge
delve*	Can I delve something?	No	Intransitive	into
comply	Can I comply something?	No	Intransitive	with
proceed	Can I proceed something?	No	Intransitive	with, to
agree	Can I agree something?	No.	Intransitive	with, to

* The verb delve does have an archaic definition as a transitive verb: to dig, excavate.Random House, p. 529.
Note: Too many people these days take an intransitive verb and use it transitively. I hear way too often, “Let’s agree the agenda.” Keep your ears open, and you’ll hear these kinds of mistakes. But now, you won’t make them.
Now let’s look at some verbs that have both meanings—intransitive and transitive. For example, the intransitive body-motion verb walkneeds the prepositionto in order to get:

Igor walked to the store (intransitive).

But if Igor takes along his dog, the verb takes on a transitive meaning, and we get:

Igor walkedhis dog to the store (transitive).

Verbs that Are Both Transitive and Intransitive
The verb run is similar. As a verb form, it has 122 definitions. The first 52 are intransitive; the next 70, transitive. Random House, pp. 1681-82. Here are some verbs that have both transitive and intransitive meanings:

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Verb	Question and Example	Answer	Type	Preposition Urge
walk	Can I walk something? Igor walked to the store.	No	Intransitive	to, toward(others)
walk	Can I walk something? Igor walked his dog.	Yes	Transitive
run	Can I run something? Igor ran away from the dog.	No	Intransitive	to, toward(others)
run	Can I run something? Igor ran guns across the border.	Yes	Transitive
provide	Can I provide something? Igor provided for his children. Congress has the power “to provide for the common defense.”	No	Intransitive	for
provide	Can I provide something? Igor provided food for his children.	Yes	Transitive

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The key test for transitiveness remains the same: Can you stick a noun directly onto the verb? If so, the resulting statement shows a transitive definition of that verb. By the same token, if the verb will not accommodate a noun and yearns for a preposition, then your statement is showing an intransitive definition of the verb.
Got it? Good, for it’s very important that you understand the difference between transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. Why? Because you can’t get into The Writers’ Club unless you do.
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